Malaysian Country Analysis Essays - Malaysian Muslims,

Malaysian Country Analysis Malaysia A. Brief History ? In the first century AD, the Malayan peninsula was prominent in int'l trade. ? Conquered by the Portuguese in 1511, then the Dutch in 1641. ? The British, who replaced the Dutch in 1795, developed large-scale productions of tin and rubber. ? The Japanese invaded Malaysia during WWII. ? Malaysia was formed after negotiating for independence from the British in September 16, 1963. B. Comparative Advantage (Early years up to pre-1980's) ? Natural Resources/Land - Malaysia has a total land area of 127,320 sq. mi. - abundance of sedimentary rocks such as limestone, shale, sandstone, and conglomerate. - Tin ore was Malaysia's most important resource pre 1980's. - exported raw commodities such as timber, rubber, tin, and palm oil. ? Human Resources ? Access to Capital - Government invested on more capital goods - Sources of finances were increasing due to the investment on capital, domestic saving, and foreign investments. - In the 1970's, the Investment Incentive Act aimed to gain more investments to spend on its programs. It also aimed to get more participation from the Malays. ? Initial Success in some industries - Production of raw materials like tin and rubber - Mining, Petroleum production, Agricultural Sector, Forestry and Fishing. C. Role of Government ? The head of state is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (paramount ruler) The Conference of Rulers is formed by the hereditary rulers and appointed heads of the four other states. The Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister exercises executive power. ? The government finds ways to attract foreign investors, and is active in the development of industries. D. Competitive Advantage ? In the Second Industrial Master Plan (IMP2), palm oil, rubber, cocoa, and timber were identified as primary commodities. ? The Third National Agricultural Policy (NAP3), palm oil, rubber, cocoa, and timber have also been identified as the major contributor to agricultural value-added activities. ? Infrastructure Development- in the form of roads, ports, railways, telecommunications, electricity, and water supply- is crucial for profitable private investment. ? More emphasis has been given to the development of commercial agriculture since the 19080's. ? Petroleum Development Act of 1974 enabled the federal government to get much of the resource rents from petroleum and natural gas resources. ? Logging ? Malaysia has the second highest household savings rate. ? Import Substitution and Export Orientation E. Economic Indicators (1991-2000) GNP $67 billion GDP 6% Inflation 5.3% Unemployment 2.6% National Debt $39.8 billion Budget Deficit/ Surplus revenues: $22.6 billionexpenditures: $22 billion Population 22.2 Million F. Survival Strategy during the Asean Crisis (1997 ? 2000) ? Political Problems - On September 1998, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad fired Anwar Ibrahim from his post as Deputy Prime Minister, after being convicted of corruption and other illegal activities. - Daim Zainuddin, the Special Functions Minister, succeeded Anwar's position. - The coalition of Mahathir and Daim went against the International Monetary Fund (IMF). ? Economic Problems - Currency depreciation, causing a fall of the financial situations, the stock market, and exchange rate. - The corporate sector became vulnerable, and the financial system was exposed to external borrowing, property, stock, and shares. - Weak supervision in the financial system. ? Strategy for Recovery - Stabilizing the Ringgit - Reduce an Over-Dependence on the US Dollar - Increase External Reserves - Adopt a Balanced Interest Rate Policy G. Most Likely Country Scenario ? Invest more on its resources. ? Will develop competitive industries. ? Must become politically and socially stable. Bibliography Malasian Star (newspaper) Asia Economic review Economics Essays

7 Ways to Get Promotedâ€Beyond Just Working Hard

7 Ways to Get Promoted- Beyond Just Working Hard Think you can just slog away as diligently as you can and then everything else will fall into place? Think again. Just putting your head down and working hard is not enough. Don’t just imagine some omniscient presence is watching your performance at every turn and taking note of how well you’re doing. Here are a few concrete things to do to put yourself in a position to be promoted, beyond just showing up and working hard.1. Do something significant.So many rookies ask for a raise or a promotion without having done anything to earn it. Sure, they’ve worked hard. But they haven’t done the kind of specific work needed to grow as a leader or apply their talents and skills in a targeted way to help the company with what it needs most. Rise above. Then ask for a raise.2. Keep track of your successes.You should keep a running document of your accomplishments. Project start and end dates, significant milestones, quantifiable results, and thanks or congratulatory notes. This will be your arsenal when the time comes to prove your worthiness for promotion.3. Log professional development.Anytime you participate in a professional development activity- and you should be doing this!- log it. Keep track of courses, dates, names, contacts, etc. And file any new licenses or certificates you achieve, as well.4. Build a support team of mentors.You can’t get where you want to go without help. It takes a village- or, really, a team. Build bridges between you and your colleagues, supervisors, peers, managers, etc. Think about the ecosystem in which you’re operating. Learn its quirks and learn to thrive as a member of that climate. The best thing about scoring good mentors is that you might just land yourself a sponsor or ally who might be in the decision-making room when you aren’t and can make your case.5. Think ahead.Long before your review, sit down with your boss and make sure you know what tangible goals you should be working tow ards. Make sure you know the metrics you’ll be judged on when it comes time for promotion. Make a list of desired (or required) achievements. Then make sure your review is scheduled when it’s supposed to happen. If your first review comes and goes with no promotion, make sure you ask your boss what you’d need to do in the next six months to get there.6. Don’t wait to lead.Leadership opportunities won’t necessarily come to you. You have to seek them out. Lead a project, chair a committee, take charge of something. This will give you the exposure and visibility you need. Then just make sure you’re doing excellent work and maintaining your new role as leader.7. Branch out.It’s not just all about your company. Make sure to stay current. Network, interact, and yes, even interview at different companies in your field. Your employer isn’t the be all and end all. Anything could happen. Staying fresh and connected to the greater industr y not only means you’ll land on your feet if any shake-ups or lay-offs come around, but also that you will be seen as more valuable when the promotions start coming around.

Constitutional Monarchy Definition and Examples

Constitutional Monarchy Definition and Examples A constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch- typically a king or queen- acts as the head of state within the parameters of a written or unwritten constitution. In a constitutional monarchy, political power is shared between the monarch and a constitutionally organized government such as a parliament. Constitutional monarchies are the opposite of absolute monarchies, in which the monarch holds all power over the government and the people. Along with the United Kingdom, a few examples of modern constitutional monarchies include Canada, Sweden, and Japan. Key Takeaways: Constitutional Monarchy A constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a non-elected monarch functions as the head of state within the limits of a constitution.Political power in a constitutional monarchy is shared between the monarch and an organized government such as the British Parliament.A constitutional monarchy is the opposite of an absolute monarchy in which the monarch has total power over the government and the people. Power Distribution in a Constitutional Monarchy Similar to the way in which the powers and duties of the President of the United States are described in the U.S. Constitution, the powers of the monarch, as the head of state, are enumerated in the constitution of a constitutional monarchy. In most constitutional monarchies, the monarchs’ political powers, if any, are very limited and their duties are mostly ceremonial. Instead, real governmental power is exercised by a parliament or similar legislative body overseen by a prime minister. While the monarch may be recognized as the â€Å"symbolic† head of state, and the government might technically function in the name of the queen or king, the prime minister actually governs the country. Indeed, it has been said that the monarch of a constitutional monarchy is, â€Å"A sovereign who reigns but does not rule.† As a compromise between placing blind trust in a lineage of kings and queens who have inherited their power, and a belief in the political wisdom of the people being ruled, modern constitutional monarchies are usually a blend of the monarchal rule and representative democracy.  Ã‚   Besides serving as a living symbol of national unity, pride and tradition, the constitutional monarch may- depending on the constitution- have the power to disband the current parliamentary government or to give royal consent to the actions of the parliament. Using England’s constitution as an example, British political scientist Walter Bagehot listed the three main political rights available to a constitutional monarch: â€Å"the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn.† Constitutional vs. Absolute Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy A constitutional monarchy is a blended form of government in which a king or queen with limited political power rules in combination with a legislative governing body such as a parliament representing the desires and opinions of the people.   Absolute Monarchy An absolute monarchy is a form of government in which a king or queen rules with total unchallenged and unchecked political and legislative power. Based on the ancient concept of the â€Å"Divine Right of Kings† suggesting that kings derived their authority from God, absolute monarchies operate under the political theory of absolutism. Today the only remaining pure absolute monarchies are Vatican City, Brunei, Swaziland, Saudi Arabia, and Oman. After the signing of the Magna Carta in 1512, constitutional monarchies began to supplant absolute monarchies for a combination of similar reasons, including their often weak or tyrannical kings and queens, failure to provide funds for pressing public needs, and refusal to address valid grievances of the people.   Current Constitutional Monarchies Today, the world’s 43 constitutional monarchies are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, a 53-nation intergovernmental support organization headed by the sitting monarch of the United Kingdom. Some of the best-recognized examples of these modern constitutional monarchies include the governments of the United Kingdom, Canada, Sweden, and Japan. The United Kingdom Made up of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, in which the queen or king is the head of state, while an appointed prime minister leads the government in the form of the British Parliament. Bestowed with all lawmaking powers, the Parliament is composed of the House of Commons, the members of which are elected by the people, and the House of Lords made up members who have either been appointed or have inherited their seats. 28th September 1952: Princess Elizabeth watching her son Prince Charles playing in his toy car while at Balmoral. Lisa Sheridan / Getty Images Canada While the monarch of the United Kingdom also serves as Canada’s head of state, the Canadian people are governed by an elected prime minister and a legislative parliament. In the Canadian parliament, all laws are proposed by a popularly-elected House of Commons and must be approved by the royally-appointed Senate.   Sweden The King of Sweden, while the head of state, lacks any defined political power and serves a largely ceremonial role. All lawmaking power is vested in the Riksdag, a single-chambered legislative body composed of democratically elected representatives.   Japan In the world’s most populous constitutional monarchy, the Emperor of Japan has no constitutional role in the government and is relegated to ceremonial duties. Created in 1947 during the country’s post-World War II U.S. occupation, Japan’s constitution provides for a government structure similar to that of the United States. Newlywed Prince and Princess Hitachi pose at the doorway of the imperial Palace. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images The executive branch is overseen by a royally-appointed prime minister who controls the government. The legislative branch, called the National Diet, is a popularly-elected, bicameral body composed of a House of Councillors and a House of Representatives. The Japanese Supreme Court and several lower courts make up a judicial branch, which functions independently of the executive and legislative branches. Sources Bogdanor, Vernon (1996). The Monarchy and the Constitution. Parliamentary Affairs, Oxford University Press.Constitutional Monarchy. British Monarchist League.Dunt, Ian, ed. (2015). Monarchy: What is a Monarchy? politics.co.ukLearning with the Times: 7 nations still under absolute monarchy. (Nov. 10, 2008) The Times of India

Culture experience growing up in the Philippines and Culture Essay

Culture experience growing up in the Philippines and Culture experience growing up in the United States - Essay Example At the same time, the past experiences of each individual are always associated with his/her culture. In addition, the elements of modernization and urbanization have caused cultural shift especially in economically developing and developed countries. This paper tends to discuss the culture experience growing up in Philippines and in the United States. Philippines is a developing country that is blessed with a great traditional culture named Filipino. It is a nation of 7107 islands, which is located at the Pacific rim of the Southeast Asia and the islands are volcanic in origin (The Philippines). The Philippines’ culture is reflected as a mixture of Spanish, American, and Asian cultures. Spanish colonization in Philippines lasted for 333 years and it had modified the conventional practices of Philippine population to some extent. During that term, the islands were ruled by Mexico and later the islands came under the control and administration of Spain. It is evident that Hispa nic influence has played a vital role in Philippine folk arts, festivals, religion, and language. From 1898 to 1946, Philippines were regarded as the territory of United States; and the popularity of English language and contemporary pop culture in Philippines can be attributed to this American influence. The gradual growth of cultural experience can be attributed to different factors such as past and shared experiences, institutions, and outsiders (Worldview perspectives). When a group of people share some common experience, they make certain generalizations on the basis of their concepts and thoughts. This phenomenon can be seen in the fashion industry of Philippines as Philippines are largely attracted by modern fashion trends. People share their thoughts on recent trends in fashion industry and often it is identified that this sharing practice has a direct influence on the traditional perceptions of Philippine people. Similarly, the influence of outsiders may alter the cultural structure of a country and it is experienced in Philippines also. In olden days, they maintained indigenous music that was introduced by Taiwan native tribes. This art form underwent various phases of transformation, and recently, pop music has gained popularity which could be attributed to the influence of western culture. The pop western culture has also profound influence on the lifestyle of Philippine people. It is known to everyone that United States is an agglomeration of different cultures, and therefore, the intensity of cultural experience is also comparatively greater across the nation. The role of minorities in the overall development of the nation is extravagantly important. African Americans, Japanese Americans, Muslim national settlers and others constitute the population. It is said that â€Å"living in U.S. is like playing water polo†. However, the United States owns a popular culture that is formed on the strength of ideas and beliefs generated by various soc ial institutions such as politics, media, and commercial systems. Consumerism is the recently identified cultural trend in US; for instance, today people tend to eat out more than ever before. A growing practice of maintain food diversity is also noticeable among different age groups, especially among different ethnic communities. The growing influence of media and other modern technology have given new interpretation to

Knowledge managementl Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Knowledge managementl - Essay Example Construction Industry has begun to realize that it makes sense to find sub-contractors for parts of their work and leverage on their work to roll out a finally bundled up product. Outsourcing of manufacturing can help companies concentrate of areas of competence whilst a the same time ensuring that the other related tasks are being attended to with necessary know how and skills. A lot of innovative skills are required in order to achieve successful networks of competence that deliver a high cost and long duration construction project. The innovation is almost needed at each point a problem is encountered in a complex construction project. Knowledge and its appropriate management contributes to the cause of innovation on the simple logic that a better knowledge brings forth better solutions. This paper examines these both aspects in UK construction industry milieu at some length. ... In order to serve as an illustration a large sized state construction effort in US can be cited as below: "In most cases, the Department of Finance and Administration's Bureau of Building serves as the construction program manager for state construction projects in Mississippi. The Bureau of Building represents the interests of the entity and exercises independent oversight of the professional contractor and constructor team (i.e., general contractor and sub-contractors). The Bureau of Building, professional team, constructor team, and a building commissioning agent, when applicable, enter a contractual relationship for a project. The Bureau of Building exercises direct oversight of architects, engineers, building commissioning agents and other contract professionals, while it performs indirect supervision of the construction contractors through the primary professional contractor and the building commissioning agent. Because the bureau does not have the in-house capability to perform some of the design and construction tasks that some private construction program managers can provide, it may employ engineers, contract analysts, architects, or construction project administrators to manage and monitor projects. The bureau has authority to compel adherence to contract specifications and schedules, applying sanctions to firms or individuals within the constructor team that do not fulfill their responsibilities"(Joint,2005). The above is a typical example of a construction management situation in rather sedate and structured governmental situation whereas the US construction industry's private sector was far more dynamic and innovative. Construction management had a real early start in the US. In the system of procurement under

Language as a Powerful Mind Control Weapon Essay Example for Free

Language as a Powerful Mind Control Weapon Essay Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) is a classic dystopian novel by English author George Orwell. Akin to the latter’s earlier work, Animal Farm (1945), Nineteen Eighty-Four is a cautionary tale about the dangers of totalitarianism. The novel’s main character, Winston Smith, is a civil servant tasked with disseminating government propaganda through the forging of records and political literature. Disillusioned with such a mechanistic existence, Smith begins an uprising against the regime – a move which later resulted in his incarceration and torture. The esteem of Nineteen Eighty-Four can be attributed mainly to its frank and vivid portrayal of the perpetuation of the status quo at the expense of individual rights (Gearon 65). Many of the novel’s terminologies and ideas, such as â€Å"doublethink,† â€Å"Orwellian,† â€Å"Newspeak† and â€Å"Big Brother,† eventually acquired secure places in the English language (Trahair 289). At present, some thinkers even use these expressions and concepts to criticize repressive government policies. The term â€Å"Orwellian,† for instance, is currently an idiom that refers to any form of normalcy that closely resembles the Party (Cameron 151). One of Orwell’s major arguments in the novel is that language is the totalitarian government’s most powerful weapon of mind control. Through the usage of deceptive language and propaganda, as well as the modification of language, the Party was able to manipulate the thoughts and beliefs of the citizens of Oceania. Newspeak was the Party’s primary means of misleading the citizens of Oceania (Thomas, Singh, Peccei, Jones and Wareing 39). It was a corrupted form of Standard English (known in the novel as Oldspeak) that reflected the principles of Ingsoc. â€Å"Undesirable† words were eliminated from the lingua franca, while those that were retained were stripped of â€Å"unorthodox† denotations (Ji 1). Consequently, it became impossible to develop other modes of thought in Newspeak (Orwell 144). Newspeak was more than just a language – it was the â€Å"(embodiment) of the totalitarian (mindset) of the Party members† (Gerovitch 12). To accommodate alternate views would increase the possibility of encountering â€Å"heretical† thoughts (Gerovitch 13). It is no longer surprising, therefore, if the Party required all inhabitants of Oceania to use Newspeak – doing so was a very convenient way of indoctrinating them with Ingsoc beliefs. The immense power of language to control the mind is not a fictional phenomenon. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (n. d. ) argued that language determined how human beings perceived their environment (Thomas, Singh, Peccei, Jones and Wareing 39). This assumption is composed of two parts – linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism. Linguistic relativity theorized that the languages of different cultures do not necessarily have equivalent systems of representation. Linguistic determinism, meanwhile, asserted that a language not only reflected certain aspects of reality but also influenced the speaker’s thought process (Thomas, Singh, Peccei, Jones and Wareing 25). It would be fair to say that the premise behind the development and usage of Newspeak was based on the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. In the novel’s appendix, it is revealed that Ingsoc was originally known as English Socialism (Orwell 143). But during the time of English Socialism, people spoke Standard English. Consequently, they were exposed to radical ideas that inspired them to turn against the Party (Ji 1). In retaliation, the Party silenced them through punishment and terror (Ji 1). The Party eventually viewed the period of English Socialism as one that was characterized with violence and lawlessness. Standard English, meanwhile, was regarded as a relic of an anarchic past that must be discarded at all costs. The Party even set a year in which they expected Standard English to be already nonexistent – 2050 (Orwell 143). In the appendix of the novel, Orwell wrote the Party’s ultimate dream – a society wherein everyone accepted the official ideology even without the threat of punishment and terror (Ji 1). This was only possible, however, if they had no access to subversive ideas. It must be noted that in the context of the novel, Standard English was regarded as the source of dissident concepts. The Party therefore realized that Standard English must be replaced with a singular and specially contrived language – Newspeak. When people spoke, heard, read and wrote only in Newspeak, they could be kept under control even without outright state persecution (Ji 1). Newspeak was the official language of Oceania and had been devised to meet the ideological needs of Ingsoc, or English Socialism. In the year 1984 there was not as yet anyone who used Newspeak as his sole means of communication, either in speech or writing. The leading articles in The Times were written in it, but this was a tour de force which could only be carried out by a specialist. It was expected that Newspeak would have finally superseded Oldspeak (or Standard English, as we should call it) by about the year 2050. (143) The purpose of Newspeak was not only to provide a medium of expression for the (worldview) and mental habits proper to the devotees of Ingsoc, but to make all other modes of thought impossible. It was intended that when Newspeak had been adopted once and for all and Oldspeak forgotten, a heretical thought – that is, a thought diverging from the principles of Ingsoc – should be literally unthinkable, at least so far as thought is dependent on words. Its vocabulary was so constructed as to give exact and often very subtle expression to every meaning that a Party member could properly wish to express, while excluding all other meanings and also the possibility of arriving at them by indirect methods. This was done partly by the invention of new words, but chiefly by eliminating undesirable words and by stripping such words as remained of unorthodox meanings, and so far as possible of all secondary meanings whatever. To give a single example. The word free still existed in Newspeak, but it could only be used in such statements as â€Å"This dog is free from lice† or â€Å"This field is free from weeds. † It could not be used in its old sense of â€Å"politically free† or â€Å"intellectually free† since political and intellectual freedom no longer existed even as concepts, and were therefore of necessity nameless. (144) A person growing up with Newspeak as his sole language would no more know that equal had once had the secondary meaning of â€Å"politically equal,† or that free had once meant â€Å"intellectually free,† than for instance, a person who had never heard of chess would be aware of the secondary meanings attaching to queen and rook. There would be many crimes and errors which it would be beyond his power to commit, simply because they were nameless and therefore unimaginable. (148-149) This ambition, however, was not without serious consequences. The individual rights of the people of Oceania were severely violated. They constantly lived in fear of government reprisal – landscapes across London were bombarded with posters of â€Å"Big Brother† with the caption â€Å"Big Brother is Watching You† (Orwell 1). Two-way television sets – telescreens – were installed in all homes and public establishments in order to monitor the populace for any sign of subversive activity (thoughtcrime). Worse, the Party encouraged everyone to spy on one another. Even children were ordered to report their parents to the authorities (Thought Police) if they caught them committing a thoughtcrime. Winston Smith was among those who paid the ultimate price. Upon his arrest, he was taken to the Ministry of Love, where he was subjected to electroshock torture. Winston was afterwards taken to the infamous Room 101, where a prisoner was tortured by being exposed to his or her greatest fear. Winston’s primal fear was rats – he was therefore tortured by having a wire cage full of starving rats brought near to his face. Petrified, Winston finally accepts Party ideology and was later released as a brainwashed individual. Sadly, it is obvious that Orwell’s warning in Nineteen Eighty-Four went unheeded. At present, there are still so many societies wherein people are stripped of their basic rights and liberties. What is more saddening is that some of the parties who are guilty of this wrongdoing are actually claiming that they are staunch advocates of freedom, justice and equality. They use elaborate propaganda to proclaim their â€Å"advocacy† while acting in a completely opposite manner. The Party used language in order to keep the people of Oceania silent, ignorant and oppressed. In doing so, the former proved that evil prospers where good is silent. Orwell, on the other hand, used words in order to expose and fight this atrocity. In doing so, he proved that the pen is mightier than the sword. Works Cited Cameron, Deborah. Verbal Hygiene. New York: Routledge, 1995. Gearon, Liam. Freedom of Expression and Human Rights: Historical, Literary and Political Contexts. Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, 2006. Gerovitch, Slava. From Newspeak to Cyberspeak: A History of Soviet Cybernetics. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004. Ji, Fengyuan. Linguistic Engineering: Language and Politics in Mao’s China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2004. Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. n. p. : n. d. Thomas, Linda, Ishtla Singh, Jean Stilwell Peccei, Jason Jones, and Shan Wareing. Language, Society and Power: An Introduction. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2004. Trahair, R. C. S. Utopia and Utopians: A Historical Dictionary. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999.

Expectancies As A Predictor Of Adolescent Alcohol Use :: essays research papers

INTRODUCTION This paper examines the use of an idea referred to as expectancy as a predictor of teen alcohol use. Expectancies are concepts that a society reinforces which go on to influence a person's behavior. Current clinical and field studies show that alcohol expectancies are reasonably accurate tools in estimating future drinking patterns. This paper sets out to determine the practical applications of this knowledge in the real classroom. HISTORY Prior to the early 1960s, virtually no clinical studies were available on the topic of teen drinking, as literature mostly focused on negative social and moral implications of the activity (Maddox and McCall, 1964). Contrary to somewhat popular notion, however, adolescent drinking is not unique on to the last few decades. In fact, the best indicators show that "drinking among youth has been a longstanding phenomenon" that has shown no significant change over the course of the last 120 years (Barnes, 1982). In the sixties, the issue grew in prominence probably due to the rise of the counterculture and an increase in teen drinking and driving accidents. A number of pioneering social scientists set out to determine basic information about the commonalty and frequency of alcohol use in this age group. Though specific data varied from study to study due to methodology and demographics, a striking picture emerged that "alcohol use is very prevalent among teenagers and young adults." In fact, Barnes (1982) co n Once research findings established the basic foundations, further questions soon arose on the psychological reasons behind the increase in consumption. Though the answers are still not definitive by any means, a few commonly accepted theories arose. Teens almost consistently report one of three reasons for drinking: partying, self-expression, and anxiety (Maddox and McCall, 1964). None of this information, however, is of particular alarm. Regardless of the reason, most adolescent drinkers consume only occasionally and generally responsibly (Barnes, 1982; Finn, 1979). In fact, a few authors contend that teenage drinking can be a fairly normal step in the process of identity development (Finn, 1979). "Drinking," claims Maddox and McCall (1964), "is important for validating their self-conceptions as adults or their claims to adult status." A great deal of controversy exists on whether time spent with peers in reckless activities such as drinking is a positive aspect of the socialization process as well. E PROBLEM DRINKING In the late 1970s and into the 1980s researchers begun to realize that they had not designed their studies to examine this much more destructive phenomenon of problem drinking.

Simple Justice

The chapter shows the deep relentless struggle of the black community and the racist white people who would not allow it. This case would take 4 years before getting to the courts of the government of the United States. Insane! Its appalling to think of the deep level of HATE and evil that the local white people in these areas had back then. The white schools got two-thirds more money towards their education and had full operating bus systems, while the black kids actually had to pay for their education. This lead to the case of Briggs v.Elliot. It was very interesting to read about how the â€Å"N-double A-C-P† had an influence in the uprising of this bus moment in this community. The level of bravery by the black community and the leaders in this moment are amazing and I love the level of courage and righteousness they had to of had. Over those four years, the illegal government manipulation to suppress and try and stop the black communities efforts in court to obtain equal rights for education is horrific and upsetting, it's a mindset I can not understand.Black farmers lost their land, some had to watch their corps die because whites oldest allow there corps to be bought or use necessary equipment to reap the land. Black people who signed the partition for a lawsuit in Summerset and their spouses were fired from their Jobs and threatened. This book made me think about what racism is and the utter disgrace and hate that it signifies; it is so saddening to read about. This was only 60 years ago, that is one human beings lifetime.Nothing is more upsetting than these actions by hateful whites to use the United States Constitution as evidence for their reasoning for segregation and slavery. White preachers saying it's Gods will that segregation is meant to be and white superiority. To believe that all men are equal but not apply that line in reality behooves me. What is racism? What act is considered racism in our day and age? Calling someone a racial slur is racism, so is hating someone for the color of their skin tone.But what was going on since the beginning of the United States Unionization to the mid sass's seemed to be a whole other deeper sinister level of racism. The black people in these communities were not Just facing racial slurs, they were facing death every minute ND they knew it, that is why every black individual in the south who fought for equality in education and constitutional freedom are heroes; all the people who signed there names on court documents to try and change the illegal injustices of segregation and inequality are heroes.This level of racism is a ruling an oppressive savagery that is disgusting to try and comprehend. The courts allowed the slavery to continue and progress, and the courts eventually ended it. It is Just saddening it took so long. Mr.. Slugger's writing style Mr.. Kluges paints a clear brush stroke of the scene and atmosphere of the time eroded. His style is a bit wordy but the words he uses are colorful, expressive and flow nicely. However, at times I felt inpatient and wanted him (Kluges) to get to the point.He wrote eloquently but I would prefer the â€Å"streamlined version† that tells me the setting and story, not paint a picture of all intimate and personal features of every individual. He bought up a very interesting point how a lot of black men fought in WI against racism and racial murder of Jewish culture but they (black American men) came back home were facing similar acts of oppression, murder and occupation. An then you realize the time period your reading about is in the mid sass's!It is still sad to see the residue of hate lingering and living here and now. Mr.. Kluges was successful in his diligence and service towards an unbiased account of the time period during Brown v The Broad of Education and the time period leading up to the case, where he eloquently described historical cases that lead to and showed the momentum towards the final verd ict. Also Mr.. Kluges was successful in his last chapter showing the history of the Brown v The Board of Education 50 years after the fact. Oppression Mr..Kluges softly shows the level of oppression during this time period. He at times gingerly portrays a situation then presents quoted lines from someone during the time period that would bring a knockout punch of shivery. The real life quotes of some of the people from that time period really helps to place the reader in the time period being written about. While reading the book I how did these communities last this so long, and are they still going on like this? Are there hateful mindsets still living in communities throughout the US?Throughout the world? Unfortunately I know the answer to those questions, but how do they continue to persist. Slavery Over four centuries of slavery before the verdict of Brown v The Board of Education. It is appalling to and impossible to fathom that time frame for a federal verdict to acknowledge t hat all humans are created equal. Mr.. Kluges showed how Brown v The Board of Education represented a long and indentured fight for the recognition and legal right of freedom for black humans in America.The verdict acknowledged a lifetime of of inequality for black people in American history. What this book has taught me What this book has taught me is the power of the court systems. How men, Judges and lawyers can be socially wrong about personal freedoms and impose these beliefs as natural law. How they (Supreme Court Judges) used twisted truth and words like â€Å"natural law' to segregated and beat-down another human being based solely on their skin tone – this is horrific.But its amazing that the same court system and new judges and lawyers were able to get the verdict right. It is Just sad how long it took and how many people died. I am concern of the hate and ignorance that is still embedded in the minds of people n our society. We need not look further than the curre nt media story of the Los Angels Clippers basketball team. About the team owner speaking hateful and racial comments about African-Americans. Here 2014 and the same slave master mentality of property ownership of African-Americans and their inferiority.We have came far in our society because with this basketball owner incident he was banned from his team and forced to sell, this verdict was swift from the NAB and a majority of people are in favor of the owner's life time ban. The Book One of the most gripping moments in the book is when Mr.. Kluges described the the slavery condition in the south which can be considered the worst ever treatment of human slavery in human history. When the length of US slavery is considered it is outrageous to believe this kind of treatment went on for centuries.Unprecedented slavery conditions never seen in such length and non-revengeful fashion. Back during Romans, Greek and Persian times slaves were captured as enemies unlike Africa slaves who had done now harm to the Angelo-Saxon people, the African people ere captured and stolen from their land for the pure intent of like being cattle. It is downright disgusting. In a section from the book: â€Å"Slavery as practiced in the American South, it is now generally acknowledged, was probably as severe as any form of it in recorded history.This is especially so if one considers that the African blacks were not brought to America for punitive reasons: they had committed no transgressions against the people who purchased and then savaged them. If the system was to work in a sparsely settled land, white repression ad to strain the limits of black endurance. † What was a shocking moment when reading was about how black men could not be good father back they by today standards because family life was not allowed as it was for white families. The black man was simply there to breed.A father couldn't protect his wife if she was badly treated, harmed, harassed or raped by a white m an; nor could that father show any protection for the son. How could men be closely attached to their family when they could so easily be sold off to another plantation for the next years harvest, sold of like a mule. The slave masters treated the African Americans like cattle, by federal law African Americans weren't even considered human, they were property, like a commodity to be bought, sold and owned.They (slaves) had no rights, they had curfews, could not be in big groups together and were only given a few clothing items a year. An excerpt from the book states, â€Å"A slave had no legal standing. He could take no action to control his sale. He could not be a party to a lawsuit. He could not offer testimony except against another black. He could not swear an oath that would be legally binding. † Founding Fathers Furthermore I am completely appalled at the contradictory behavior of our founding fathers actions and their hypocrisy.As Mr.. Krueger stated, â€Å"Fifteen of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention owned slaves†¦. Neither the word â€Å"slave† nor â€Å"black† nor â€Å"Negro' nor â€Å"African† nor â€Å"colored† was therefore written anywhere in the document those men composed that very long summer. † I learned that slave was a hot topic and the leaders from the north who may not of had slaves sure perpetuated the ability for the slavery to continue and also even if they (north delegates) didn't ant slavery the majority still saw the black man as two-thirds a human.

Applied Managerial Dision Making

Applied Managerial Decision Making MGMT600-1301B-03 Phase 3 individual project Rocklyn Kee Colorado Technical University Online Professor Donald Pratl March 11, 2013 There are 500 employees in the sales force of Company W that are spread out over Southeast, Northeast, West, and Central regions. The company has recently incorporated a new software program in and attempt to monitor how many sales are generated by each employee. It is expected that each month each region should sell the same aamount of products.It has been noted that over the last three months however that this expectation has only been reached by half of the employees in each region. Before a decision can be made on possible theories as to why this is, some statistical testing must be done. Company W knows that there are different techniques that can be used to statistically analyze this issue. The one that we will be discussing here will be non-parametic statistics and hypoyhesis testing along with chi-square distribu tion testing of data. Let us begin by first defining these terms for a better understanding. Hypothesis Testing This is a technique that is applied sequentially by businesses in order to obyain concluions in regard to population utilizing information obtained from a sample. This information is gathered so as to enable a decision to be made as to the acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis by the researcher. The researcher makes a decision on two types of hypotheses the null (Ho) and the alternative (H1). The research is actually done on the null hypothesis, as this is the one that trys to reject the hypothesis statement by proving it to be untrue.The researchers testing end result will do one of two things accept or reject the null hypothesis statement. Should the statement be proving to be untrue and rejected, the alternative hypothesis would in turn then be accepted. CTU Online, (2013) * Non-parametric Statistics This is what is known as an assessment to categorically apply info rmation. The informationcan be ordinal or nominal. The researcher will be allocated to classify information that is presented as qualitative for variables that are nominal, while the researcher will be allocated by ordinal variables th categorize the presented information so it can be ranked.There will be no formulated statements from non-parametric analysis in regard to the information that is presented by the researcher. The ANOVA, (analysis of variation) is a commomlly used method of non-parametric. The researcher does an analysis with the ANOVA to see if there is a differentation among groups, and if the mean of them are the same. With a null hypothesis the ANOVA will determine if the information that has been presented has the same means, while with the alternative hypothesis it will determine if the information has defferent means.CTU Online, (2013) There is a one way method and a two way method for an ANOVA analysis that can be used by the researcher. There is only one factor for the researcher to test for equality of the presented information in the one way method, and the two way mwthod allows for distinguishing if there may be another factor. * Chi-Square Distribution Use Two types of information can typically be generarted when variables have no pattern, categorical or numerical. Researchers’ employ using the chi-square distribution in order to unmask the distinctions and to see if they are independent.Categorical variables are specific variables with no fixed numerical value, and numerical type variables are numerical. In this regard there are question asked like, what type of work do you do, or do you own a vehicle? These types of questions are categorical variables because of the answers which would be for example, construction and yes or no, which are different responses from that of other questions like, what is your weight or what is your GPA? , that are numerical variables. These can be continious or discrete, for instance; how many ho mes do you own? This is discrete.What is you height? This is continious. The counting of particular things is where the discrete data comes, and measuring a particular thing is where the continious data comes. CTU Online, (2013) * Using Chi-Square Analysis There can be a fluctuating in the testin using of the chi-square analysis based on the collected information, such as in this case of the representatives that reached the quotas and those who did not. In relation to the null hypothesis the statement would be, the sales representatives using the new sales software were able to meet their sales quotas vs. he sales representative not using the new sales software where not able to meet their quotas. The null in this statement cannot be proven to be true, because there is no proof that the sales representatives that used the new software were the ones to meet their quotas and the ones not using it where the ones who did not. Theory here is that the null hypothesis is false, and the alt ernative hypothesis is accepted. This means that the same amounts of products were not sold by representatives using the new sales software.To develop statements of truth in regard to issues and problems in order to accurately classify is why researchers do hypothesis testing. The researcher has to have a complete understanding of the question or issue in odere to collect, analyize, and interpret data. A researcher has to analyze different theories statistically in order to be useful in educated business decisions making. Voelz, V. , (2006) References: . CTU Online. (2013). Applied Managerial Decision Making www. ctuonline. edu Voelz, V. , (2006). Hypothesis testing www. standford. edu

Rome Empire essays

Rome Empire essays World History ISP Essay The Roman Empire Two thousand seven hundred and fifty five years ago in 573 B.C., there lay seven wooded hills along the Tiber River in central Italy. From these hills the greatest Empire to ever exist was created, Rome. Rome was the super power of its time. By 275 B.C. it controlled most of the Italian Peninsula. At its peak in the A.D. one hundreds The Roman Empire covered about half of Europe, much of the middle east, and the north coast of Africa. The Roman Empire was the Greatest Empire of all time. The Tiber River allowed for a convenient sea route, which was an only24 kilometer to the west. Rome was far away enough from the sea to defend themselves from pirates, the hills were very steep which made it easy to defend against enemy attacks. Other factors, which made the land suitable for civilization, include fertile soil and excellent building materials that were located nearby. Rome had many natural resources including a surplus of grain from Sicilys fertile grain fields. The Roman Empire probably had from 50 to 70 million people at its height, from that number approximately 1 million lied in Rome, and 5 to 6 million in the rest of Italy . The People of the Ancient Roman Empire represented a lot of different cultures and religions. In Rome they spoke mostly Latin, though in conquered territories the civilians who were conquered usually spoke their native languages and practiced their own religions. ...

APA Style Template Avoiding Plagiarism in Papers Reports

APA Style Template Avoiding Plagiarism in Papers Reports When you write a report, you want to make sure that its in the correct format. In the business world, presentation is everything, and you want to make sure that you are presenting your data in the correct format. Likewise, you will want to ensure that all academic papers you create are structurally sound and grammatically correct. One of the pitfalls of writing is accidental plagiarism. With sloppy citation, you can create a bastion of problems that can undermine your research. You will want to conform your writing to the APA style, using APA style citation. With an APA style template, you are able to quickly and easily format your reports and academic papers. Using an APA style template, you simply enter the information you intend to use, and the formatting is taken care of instantly. In fact, you can insert frequently used citations, using APA software that will store your sources for easy insertion into your APA style template. The Importance of an APA Style Template The importance of correct citations is immeasurable. When you pass off other peoples quotations and work as your own, you undermine the confidence of the reader. You want to make sure that you are presenting a scrupulous report, and citing all necessary sources.

Analetical paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Analetical paper - Essay Example Additionally, this analytical essay aims at weighing both the strengths and faultiness of such policies in terms of ensuring that immigrants are under a proper health care from the government. In this aspect, the paper intends to analyze the various techniques the government is using to serve such persons. For example, the use of appropriate language in addressing the immigrants i.e. by using translators, equality of service in all health care facilities to enhance both race relations and patriotism. Furthermore, these health care services should aim at upholding the respective culture of immigrants. The government should also seek the opinion of immigrants about the health care services they offer and respond timely to their feedbacks (Simich, 2009). In as much as the government is investing significantly in the health care system thus positively affecting the lives of its citizens, their efforts often end up unnoticed in certain groups within the country’s population, especially among the marginalized. Marginalized groups consist of individuals who are underprivileged in the society such as African-Americans and immigrants. Marginalization, therefore, is the process of exclusion, prevention, or even ignoring certain persons from attaining equal education, finding a job, enjoying social services such as housing and health care privileges, and integrating as equal members of the society. This discrimination is always done on an economic or political perspective to render such persons powerless before the state (Barusch, 2008). On this aspect, marginalized groups are people affected by the marginalization situation, in terms services and unequal representation in the society. Thus, in our case, I have decided to critically, analyze immigrants, in America and the health care services they receive from the government. Several reasons lie behind the situation faced by immigrants. For instance,